Risk Factors for Acute Renal Failure after Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery / 中国医学科学院学报

To investigate the risk factors associated with acute renal failure (ARF) after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) surgery. A total of 156 patients underwent TAAA repair between January 2009 and December 2017. Renal failure was defined based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The patients were divided into ARF group and non-ARF group based on the presence/absence of postoperative ARF. The risk factors of ARF were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic analysis. The subjects included 111 males and 45 females aged (40.4±10.9) years (range:19-65 years). The surgical reasons included aortic dissection (=130,83.3%),aneurysm (=22,14.1%),and pseudoaneurysm (=4,2.6%). The degrees of repair included Crawford extent I in 6 patients (3.8%),extent Ⅱ in 128 patients (82.1%),extent Ⅲ in 20 patients (12.8%),and extent Ⅳ in 2 patients(1.3%). There were 3 patients presented with aortic rupture and 6 patients received emergent operations. Nine patients (5.8%) died within 30 days after surgery,and 8 patients (5.1%) suffered from permanent paraplegia. Thirty-six patients (23.1%) had ARF after surgery,and 18 of them needed dialysis. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that smoking ( =2.637,95%=1.113-6.250,=0.028),packed red blood cell usage in operation (≥6 U) ( =5.508,95%=2.144-11.930,=0.000),reoperation for bleeding (=3.529,95%=1.298-9.590,=0.013) were independent risk factors for ARF after TAAA repair. Smoking,packed red blood cell usage in operation (≥6 U),reoperation for bleeding are the independent risk factors of ARF after TAAA surgery.

Early and Midterm Results of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in Patients with Marfan Syndrome / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To evaluate the early and midterm results of surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm(TAAA)in patients with Marfan syndrome(MFS). Methods The clinical data of patients with MFS undergoing TAAA repair in Fuwai Hospital between January 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were divided into two groups:MFS group(=58)and non-MFS group(=98).The baseline data,early postoperative results,and midterm follow-up outcomes were compared between these two groups. Results MFS patients were significantly younger(32 years old 45 years old,=9.603,=0.000)and more frequently had a history of aortic aneurysm or dissection(19% 0,=19.996,=0.000)than non-MFS patients.However,the proportions of males and smokers were significantly lower when compared with non-MFS patients(55.2% 80.6%,=11.489,=0.001;13.8% 46.9%,=17.686,=0.001).There was no significant difference in proportion of emergency operation,prophylactic cerebrospinal fluid drainage,operation time,intra-operative circulation management,and intra-operative blood transfusion(all >0.05).The 30-day mortality rate was significantly lower in MFS group than in non-MFS group(0 9.2%, [Formula: see text]=5.034,=0.025). Conclusions For patients with MFS,TAAA repair provides lower 30-day mortality and comparative middle-term survival.However,the re-intervention rate is higher among MFS patients,highlighting the importance of close follow-up.

Anatomic measurements and quantitative analysis of posterior acetabular wall / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore morphological character and clinical significance of superior-posterior acetabular wall by anatomically measuring and quantitatively analyzing thickness of posterior acetabular wall, then provide a theoretical reference for clinical treatment of acetabular fracture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen adult formalin-preserved cadaveric pelvises (8 males and 7 females) were used for this investigation. Excess soft tissue was removed and the whole acetabular posterior walls were marked with "angle" sector method and the thickness was measured with caliper in different levels of the different split points. The measurement results were validated and analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 5 mm away from acetabular rim, the average thickness of superior-posterior acetablar wall fluctuated between (6.47±0.61) mm and (7.43±0.71) mm; the average thickness of inferior-posterior acetabuluar wall fluctuated between (5.62±0.51) mm and (6.33±0.61) mm; the average thickness of acetabular roof fluctuated between (7.71±0.74) mm and (8.27±0.99) mm. There was no statistical difference between average thickness of superior-posterior wall of acetabulum and inferior-posterior wall of acetabulum (P>0.05), but the average thickness of acetabular roof was significantly larger than superior-posterior acetabular wall (P<0.05). At 10 mm away from the acetabular rim, the average thickness of superior-posterior acetabular wall fluctuated between (8.81±0.67) mm and (13.35±0.89)mm; the average thickness of inferior-posterior acetabular wall fluctuated between (7.02±0.63) mm and (7.66±0.69) mm; the average thickness of acetabular roof fluctuated between (14.46±0.97) mm and (17.05±1.35) mm. Comparatively, the average thickness of superior-posterior acetabular wall was significantly larger than inferior-posterior wall of acetabulum (P<0.05), and the average thickness of acetabular roof was significantly larger than superior-posterior acetabular wall (P<0.01). At 15 mm away from the acetabular rim, the average thickness of superior-posterior acetabular wall fluctuated between (12.08±0.78) mm and (19.84±1.03) mm; the average thickness of inferior-posterior acetabular wall fluctuated between (10.17±0.76) mm and (11.12± 0.77) mm; the average thickness of acetabular roof fluctuated between (23.23±1.12) mm and (26.01±1.53) mm. Comparatively, the average thickness of superior-posterior wall of acetabulum was significantly larger than inferior-posterior acetabular wall (P<0.01), and the average thickness of acetabular roof was significantly larger than superior-posterior acetabular wall (P< 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The thickness of entire acetabular posterior edge revealed an increasing tendency from inferior-posterior wall to the superior-posterior wall to acetabular roof. And this trend became more obvious with increasing distance away from acetabular rim. Therefore, the superior-posterior acetabular wall could not only maintain the stability of hip joint but also bear loading.</p>

Synthesis and experimental study of a novel polymer/gene compound drug controlled release system for the treatment of erectile dysfunction / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To overcome the deficiency in the current therapies for erectile dysfunction (ED), we designed and synthesized a novel high-efficiency polymer/gene compound drug controlled release system and discussed the feasibility of pH and temperature dually sensitive injectable hydrogel in ED gene therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We synthesized optimal siRNA gene nanoparticles by characterizing the zeta potential of polylysine (PLL)/siRNA gene compounds, and established a pH and temperature dually sensitive injectable gene compound drug controlled release system via Schiffs reaction between glycol chitosan (GC) and benzaldehyde capped OHC-PEO-PPO-PEO-CHO. Then we demonstrated the sustained release of the system at different temperatures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>When the mass ratio of PLL to siRNA was 20:1, the zeta potential of the PLL/siRNA gene compound reached the peak (+23.5 mV) and the siRNA was encapsulated by PLL in the maximal degree. GC and OHC-PEO-PPO-PEO-CHO was crosslinked via benzoicimine reaction when environmental pH was changed from 5.5 to 7.4. The reslease of the siRNA encapsulated in this system kept at a low rate at 37 degrees C, significantly enhanced with the increase of the temperature to 60 degrees C, rising to (122.5 +/- 5.3) microg at 1 000 minutes as compared with (23.8 +/- 6.0) microg at 37 degrees C (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polymer/gene compound drug controlled release system was successfully synthesized, which improved the stability and capacity of gene carriers and achieved siRNA release at different temperatures, promising to be a new approach to the gene therapy of ED.</p>

Effects of Bailing capsules for renal transplant recipients: a retrospective clinical study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The administration of immunosuppressive agents is always an important factor affecting the long-term survival of organ transplantation recipients. The best therapeutic regimen which either decreases the side effects of immune inhibitors or enhances the immunosuppressive efficacy is the goal of transplantation surgeons continue to search. This study investigated the effects of Bailing (Cordyceps sinensis) capsules on renal function and other systems of the body after renal transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 80 renal transplant recipients who were administered Bailing capsules and 100 renal transplant recipients in the control group were retrospectively analyzed to compare the incidences of graft rejection and infection after transplantation. The results of routine blood and urine tests, liver and kidney functions, uric acid (UA), 24-hour urine protein (24 h-Upro), as well as 1- and 5-year patient renal allograft survival rates were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The follow-up was 3 - 5 years. The two groups were not shown to have statistically significant differences in age, gender, cold ischemia time, donor-recipient human leukocyte antigen typing, panel reactive antibodies, lymphocytotoxicity tests, and the application of immunosuppressive agents at the baseline. The two groups were also not significantly different in the incidence of acute injection after transplantation, recovery of renal function, and blood glucose level. The Bailing group was significantly lower than the control in the incidence of infection, serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, UA, and 24-hour Upro, but significantly higher than the control group in peripheral red blood cell count and white blood cell count (P < 0.05). One-year and 5-year patient survival rates were 98.7% and 98.0%, respectively in the Bailing group, 95.0% and 93.0%, respectively, in the control group. One-year and 5-year renal allograft survival rates were 97.5% and 95.0%, respectively, in the Bailing group, and 92.5% and 84.0%, respectively, in the control group. The comparison of patient and renal allograft survival rates between the two groups using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank test showed that only the differences in renal allograft survival rates were statistically significant (Log-rank: 5 years: patient survival P = 0.420; renal allograft survival P = 0.049).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Bailing capsules were effective in preventing allograft rejection, protecting liver and kidney functions, stimulating hematopoiesis, and reducing the incidence of infection and thus are ideal immunoregulators.</p>

A retrospective comparison of the efficacy and safety in kidney transplant recipients with basiliximab and anti-thymocyte globulin / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Induction therapy are utilized to achieve an adequate immunosuppression at the time of transplantation. The use of basiliximab or anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) for induction therapy has significantly reduced the incidence of acute rejection episodes post-transplantation. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the basiliximab in patients with immuno-induction therapy after kidney transplantation with the ATG.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was carried out in kidney transplant recipients including 146 patients with the basiliximab and 116 cases with the ATG and the acute rejection, graft function, infective complications and 1-year and 5-year actuarial patient and graft survival after renal transplantation were compared between the two treatment groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no statistically significant difference between groups regarding age, sex, cold ischemic time, warm ischemic time, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching type between the donor and recipient, lymphotoxin test and the use of immunosuppressive agents. There was no statistical significance regarding the incidence of the acute rejection (9.59% vs. 8.62%, P = 0.481) and delayed graft function (10.27% vs. 9.48%, P = 0.501) between groups. There were significantly lower lung infection incidence (5.48% vs. 12.93%, P = 0.029) in the basiliximab-treated group in comparison with the ATG-treated group. One-year patient and graft survival rates were 98%, 97% for the basiliximab-treated group, and 95%, 73% for the ATG-treated group, respectively. Five-year patient and graft survival rates were 92%, 86% for the basiliximab-treated group and 93%, 72% for the ATG-treated group, respectively. Log rank test showed statistically significant difference with P = 0.038 for patients and P = 0.033 for grafts, respectively. There were significantly lower the incidence of granulocytopenia (8.22% vs. 17.24%, P = 0.022) and thrombocytopenia (4.11% vs. 19.83%, P = 0.000) after transplantation in the basiliximab-treated group in comparison with the ATG-treated group. There was no statistical significance regarding the incidence of the heart dysfunction after transplantation between the two groups (6.16% vs. 6.90%, P = 0.502).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The immuno-induction therapy with the basiliximab in kidney transplant recipients is efficient and safe with less complication compared with the ATG.</p>

Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in Chinese renal transplantation recipients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Mycophenolic acid (MPA) as an anti-proliferative immune-suppressive agent is used in the majority of immunosuppressive regimens in solid organ transplantation. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 12 hours with limited sampling strategies (LSSs) in Chinese renal transplant recipients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted in 10 Chinese renal transplant patients receiving living donor and treated with EC-MPS, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids. MPA concentrations were measured by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT). Whole 12-hour PK profiles were obtained on Day 4 after operation. LSSs with jackknife technique, multiple stepwise regression analysis, and Bland-Altman analysis were developed to estimate MPA AUC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean maximum plasma concentration, the mean time for it to reach peak (T(max)), and the mean MPA AUC were (11.38 ± 2.49) mg/L, (4.85 ± 3.32) hours, and (63.19 ± 13.54) mg×h×L(-1), respectively. Among the 10 profiles, MPA AUC of four patients was significantly higher than that of the other six patients, and the corresponding T(max) was significantly longer than that of the other six patients. No patient exhibited a second peak caused by enterohepatic recirculation. The best models were as follows: 27.46 + 0.94C(3) + 3.24C(8) + 2.81C(10) (r(2) = 0.972), which was used to predict AUC of fast metabolizer with a mean prediction error (MPE) of -0.21% and a mean absolute prediction error (MAE) of 2.59%; 36.65 + 3.08C(8) + 5.30C(10) - 4.04C(12) (r(2) = 0.992), which was used to predict AUC of slow metabolizer with a MPE of 0.58% and a MAE of 1.95%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The PKs of EC-MPS had a high variability among Chinese renal transplant recipients. The preliminary PK data indicated the existence of slow and fast metabolizer. These findings may be associated with the enterohepatic recirculation.</p>

Evaluation and treatment of marginal grafts with surgical diseases in kidney transplantation / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Marginal renal grafts may alleviate the shortage of suitable organs to meet an increasing demand of kidney transplantation, especially when live donors are currently limited to relatives of patients in China. The aim of this study was to investigate how to increase the available donors pool, evaluation, and treatment of marginal donors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We had performed 121 kidney transplantation cases with living relative donors. Five out of these cases applied marginal grafts with surgical diseases, including one renal stone, one duplex kidney, one renal leiomyoma and two cases of simple renal cysts. In each case, particular surgical interventions were exerted on the graft prior to standard engrafting procedures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All recipients recovered with functioning transplants given that their serum creatinine levels declined to a normal range within one week after operation. These recipients were subsequently followed up for 10 months on average and their kidney functions remained stable.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Marginal renal grafts with surgical diseases, which can be treated surgically before engrafting, may provide satisfying transplantation outcomes. Positive and cautious consideration of these grafts may increase renal donor pool.</p>

Monitoring immune function after rapid corticosteroid reduction in kidney transplant recipients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Long-term use of steroid with large dosage might cause many adverse effects in kidney transplant patients; reducing steroid dosage to a low level for maintenance is helpful in avoiding the side-effects, but meanwhile, acute rejection may rise to be a main concern. The present research monitored the immune function changes and the incidence of acute rejection and infection after rapid steroid reduction to investigate the safety of this strategy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A prospective trial was conducted, using tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil as the basic immunosuppressive regimen, in addition to antibody induction with basiliximab. Corticosteroid dosage was rapidly reduced to 10 mg/d seven days post-transplantation in the experimental group, and the standard corticosteroid therapy was employed in the control group. Patient immunity was monitored by the Immune Cell Function Assay pre- and two weeks post-transplantation. The incidence of acute rejection and infection were compared between the experimental and control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparison of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP) values detected two weeks post-transplantation for the control group ((324 ± 45) ng/ml) and the experimental group ((345 ± 91) ng/ml) did not reveal a significant difference (P > 0.05). The incidence of acute rejection was analogous between groups (P > 0.05), while an increased incidence of infection was observed in the control group (53% (n = 16)) versus the experimental group (22% (n = 6), P < 0.05). Overall, recipients in the control group had longer and more recurrent infections than those in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Patients in the control group had a lower immune response ((235 ± 35) ng/ml) than those in the experimental group ((286 ± 16) ng/ml) when infection occurred (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rapid reduction of steroid early after kidney transplantation does not lead to a significant rise in patient immunity. It is a safe and effective therapy for kidney transplant patients.</p>

Rituximab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The number of highly sensitized patients is rising, and sensitization can lead to renal transplant failure. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of renal transplantation following induction therapy with rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients who underwent rituximab therapy from December 2008 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 3 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 38.5 years (range, 21-47 years). The duration of hemodialysis was 3-12 months, with a mean duration of 11 months. For 4 patients, this was the second transplant; the previous graft survival time was 2-11 years, with a mean survival time of 5.8 years. All the female recipients had history of multiple pregnancies, and all patients had previously received blood transfusions. All donors were men, with a mean age of 32.5 years (range, 25-37 years). In 2 of the 7 patients, both class I and class II of panel reactive antibody were high; the remaining 5 patients showed either high in class I or in class II of panel reactive antibody. The mean panel reactive antibody value was 31% for class I and 51% for class II respectively. The donors and the recipients had the same blood type, with low lymphocyte cytotoxicity ranging from 2% to 5%. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch numbers were from 2 to 4. All patients received tacrolimus (0.1 mg × kg(-1) × d(-1)) and mycophenolate mofetil (750 mg twice per day) orally 3 days prior to surgery. All patients received a single dose of 600 mg rituximab (375 mg/m(2)) infusion on the day before surgery and polyclonal antibody (antithymocyte globulin) on the day of surgery. Postoperative creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, and occurrence of rejection by pathological biopsy confirmation were monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No patient had delayed graft function after surgery. Two patients had acute rejection, one on day 7 and the other on day 13 post-surgery. Diagnosis of acute rejections was based on the clinical assessments and pathological biopsy results. According to the Banff 07 classification of renal allograft pathology, one of the patients was Ia and the other was IIa; the C4d staining was negative in both patients. One patient received methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide and the other received antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy, both leading to successful reversion of the acute rejection. All patients were discharged postoperatively and all had normal renal function during the 7th to 12th month follow-up. Pulmonary infection occurred in 1 patient 4 months after surgery and was successfully cured.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rituximab induction therapy can reduce the occurrence of postoperative humoral rejection in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients, suggesting that kidney transplantation may be safe and effective for these patients.</p>

Factors affecting the long-term renal allograft survival / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>In the past decades, the one-year graft survival of cadaveric renal allografts has been markedly improved, but their long-term survival has not kept pace. The attrition rate of renal allografts surviving after one year remains almost unchanged. The causes for late graft loss are multiple. The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive factors that impact long-term survival of grafts after kidney transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed 524 kidney transplantation patients who were treated in our hospital between January 1991 and January 2000, including 254 patients who had lived more than 10 years with normal graft function (long survival group), and 270 cases whose renal graft had survived less than 10 years (control group). Specifically, we analyzed 10 factors that may potentially affect graft survival by both univariate and Logistic model multivariate analyses to pinpoint the independent risk factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Univariate analyses showed that no significant differences existed in the age or gender of recipients, dialysis time, lymphotoxin levels, or cold ischemia time between the two groups. However, the ratio of delayed graft function and acute rejection, and the uric acid levels of patients in the long survival group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that the concentration of cyclosporin A at one year after transplantation and the histocompatibility antigen match of donor-recipients for patients within the long survival group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, multivariate analyses showed that these four factors were independent risk factors that impact patient survival.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The ratios of delayed graft function and acute rejection, the concentration of cyclosporin A at one year after transplantation, and serum uric acid levels are very important factors that affect the long-term survival of renal grafts.</p>

Multidetector row-CT in evaluation of living renal donors / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Multidetector-row CT (MDCT) has been evolving to the standard evaluating method of potential living donor in most centers, and can provide excellent details for selecting candidates and determining surgical technique. This study aimed to assess the value of MDCT in evaluation of the anatomy of living kidney donors and to reveal the prevalence of renal vascular variations in a Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and four potential donors underwent MDCT and the data sets were post-processed for reformatted images with various techniques, such as maximum intensity projection (MIP), a volume-rendering technique (VR), and multiplanar reformation (MPR). Donor nephrectomies were performed on 97 candidates after MDCT evaluation with the findings during surgery constituting the standard of reference. Resulting MDCT images were compared with actual anatomy found during surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MDCT images accurately displayed the anatomic structure of the main renal arteries and veins as well as the upper ureters, except in one case with horseshoe kidney. The prevalence of accessory arteries revealed in images was 27.2% (28/103) and early branching was found in 12.6% (13/103). Compared with findings during surgery, the detection of accessory arteries in MDCT images was 85.7% (6/7), and the detection of larger accessory arteries (> 1.5 mm in diameter) was 100%. Detection of early branching was 100%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MDCT helps accurately evaluate the renal anatomy of potential donors thus facilitating the planning of surgery.</p>

Midterm outcome of one stage total or subtotal aortic replacement / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the experience of one-stage total and subtotal aortic replacement for aneurysm evolving the entire aorta and show the midterm results of the operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From February 2004 to July 2008, 22 patients (17 men and 5 women, age ranged from 19 to 47 years old) underwent one-stage total or subtotal aortic replacement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion. Seven patients received subtotal aortic replacement (from the aortic valve to the abdominal aorta). Fifteen patients underwent total aortic replacement (from the aortic valve to the aortic bifurcation). Patients were opened with a mid-sternotomy and a thoracoabdominal incision. First, the ascending aorta was replaced; following which the aortic arch was reconstructed. Finally, the thoracoabdominal aorta was fully replaced.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-day mortality was 4.5% (1/22). One patient died of multiple organ failure 11 days postoperatively. Two patients had cerebral infarction secondary to embolism. Spinal neurological deficits didn't occur. Twenty-one patients survived the operation and were followed up for 3 to 56 months (35.0 +/- 16.9 months). There was no late death. One patient received aortic valve replacement due to aortic valve regurgitation one year after David and total aortic replacement.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>One-stage total and subtotal aortic replacement is an effective operation for aneurysm evolving the whole length of the aorta with acceptable mortality and morbidity. Midterm follow-up showed satisfactory results.</p>

Testis necrosis following repeated misdiagnosis of testicular torsion: a case report and literature review / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To improve clinicians' ability of diagnosing testicular torsion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reviewed the data of a case of testicular torsion that resulted in necrosis because of delayed presentation and repeated misdiagnosis, and analyzed its anatomic features, clinical manifestations, ultrasound results, the causes of misdiagnosis and relevant literature.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patient presented 5 hours after the onset of symptoms, complaining of severe paroxysmal pain in the lower left abdomen, accompanied with nausea and vomiting, and was twice misdiagnosed as having enterospasm or ureteral calculus at two different hospitals. Fifteen hours later, surgical exploration revealed an about 900-degree testicular torsion in the spermatic cord, which necessitated orchiectomy for non viability of the testis. Postoperative pathological examination confirmed testicular necrosis and diffused hemorrhage in the testis and epididymis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Timely presentation, correct diagnosis and proper treatment are keys to saving the affected testis. Color Doppler ultrasound is an ideal option for the definite diagnosis of acute scrotal diseases, and it offers a valuable guidance for related surgery as well.</p>

Protein A immunoadsorption combined with rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The number of highly sensitized patients is rising, and sensitization can lead to renal transplant failure. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of protein A immunoadsorption combined with rituximab (RTX) in highly sensitized recipients of kidney transplants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven highly sensitized recipients of living-related renal transplants (4 men and 3 women, mean aged 42.5 years old (range 33 - 51)) were pretreated with this combination. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch number was 2 - 5. Panel reactive antibody (PRA) of class I was high in 2 cases and that of class II was high in 1 case. All patients were pretreated with immunoadsorption 2 - 10 times. Immunoglobulin and PRA changes were monitored before and after absorption. The operation was conducted when PRA or immunoglobulin levels were at or below normal levels. Immunosuppressive drugs were provided 3 - 5 days before the operation, and one dose of RTX (375 mg/m(2)) was infused with polyclonal antibody on the day of operation. Postoperative creatinine (Cr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), PRA ratio, and immunoglobulin changes were monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 7 patients had good recovery without delayed graft function. Acute rejection occurred in 3 cases at postoperative days 8, 10, and 14, respectively. The Banff 07 biopsy grades were Ia in 1 case and IIa C4d0 in 2 cases. Successful reversion was achieved after giving methylprednisolone or antithymocyte immunoglobulin + cyclophosphamide. All patients were discharged with normal renal function, mean class I PRA was 14% and mean class II PRA was 35%. PRA was completely negative in 3 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Protein A immunoadsorption combined with RTX can safely reduce the occurrence of humoral rejection in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients.</p>

Rapamycin instead of mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine in treatment of post-renal transplantation urothelial carcinoma / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Malignant tumor is the most common complication occurred in transplant recipients. It is widely recognized that immunosuppressive treatments increase the risk of cancer in transplant recipients. The efficacy and safety of rapamycin (RPM) in combination with low-dose calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) in treating 15 renal allograft recipients which developed urothelial carcinoma were observed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Immunosuppressive regimen in all recipients was altered with rapamycin to replace mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (Aza). The initial loading dosage was 2 mg/d, and the next dosage was 1 mg/d. The dosage of rapamycin was carefully adjusted according to the blood drug level and concentration of the drug was maintained at 4 - 6 microg/L. In all the 15 patients, the calcineurin inhibitor was reduced down to one third of the original dosage after the rapamycin blood concentration became stable. Surgical treatment and intravesical instillation chemotherapy were carried out in all patients. Recurrence of the tumor was monitored throughout the study. Post-transplant renal function and side effects were also closely monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 15 patients, 9 had no tumor recurrence in 2 years, 2 had tumor recurrences twice, and 4 had once. There was no acute rejection observed during RPM treatment. Post-transplant renal function in 11 patients was improved, with a decreased creatinine level. Hyperlipoidemia and thrombocytopenia were the most frequent adverse events which responded well to corresponding treatments.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among the renal allograft recipients with urothelial carcinoma, combination of rapamycin and low dose calcineurin inhibitor treatment is effective and safe.</p>

Clinical observation of 153 cases of live donor kidney transplantation / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the outcomes of live donor renal transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 153 patients who had undergone live donor kidney transplantation in our center from March 1999 to July 2008 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 8 patients, among whom 5 cases of DGF were successfully reversed by conservative treatment, 2 recipients died of refractory rejection and cardiac infraction, and 1 graft was resected because of severe infection. Eight recipients died of infection, cardiovascular events, and cerebral events soon after transplantation. All the 153 patients were followed up, and the 6-month, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival number (and rates) were 139 (96.7% and 98.7%), 114 (94.7% and 98.7%), 62 (90.1% and 96.7%), and 36 (83.5% and 94.7%), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Live donor kidney transplantation plays an important role in the management of end stage renal disease, with satisfactory outcomes.</p>

Aspergillus pneumonia in renal transplant recipients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Filamentous fungal infections are associated with a high morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplants. The present study aimed to investigate the aspergillus pneumonia in renal transplant recipients, and its diagnosis as well as treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Approximately 2000 cases of renal transplants were retrospectively studied and we focused on cases hospitalized during August 1, 2005 and February 1, 2007, as the study period. The clinical database and electronic records were analyzed. Recently published literature was reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was more diabetes and hypertension in the infected group than in the non-infected group (86% vs 62% and 57% vs 39%, respectively). Eighty-six percent of recipients from the infected group had delayed graft function. Seven cases with aspergillus pneumonia were identified based on either fungal culture or radiology. Of the 7 cases, 4 died in a few days after diagnosis. Liposomal amphotericin B was used as a first-line therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Incidences of fungal infection are increasing among renal transplant recipients. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical steps in curing aspergillosis.</p>

Multifocal VEP in patients with optic nerve disease / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM:To determine whether the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) can be used as a clinical method to assess the patients with optic nerve disease.· METHODS: Fifteen patients with optic nerve disease were examined in this study. All patients underwent visual acuity examination, slit-lamp inspection, ophthalmoscopy, Goldmann perimeter, fundus fiuorescein angiography, visual field and mfVEP. Although these patients with unilateral optic nerve damage,data from both eyes were included in the analysis.· RESULTS:In all patients the visual fields defect was demonstrated on the mfVEP and showed good correspondence in location of the scotoma. However, we also found some slight difference between visual field and mfVEP. In some locations, when the local visual fields were normal, mfVEP showed that its amplitude reduced. In reverse, when the local mfVEP seemed normal, visual field showed abnormity.· CONCLUSION:Multifocal visual evoked potential could be used as a clinical diagnosis option in patients with optic nerve disease. Local monocular damage to the optic nerve can be measured by an interocular comparison of the mfVEP.